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MySQL

Elevate Your PostgreSQL Skills: The Ultimate Guide to Database Administration Certification

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Introduction

PostgreSQL is a robust, open-source database management system renowned for its power and flexibility. As its popularity soars, the demand for skilled PostgreSQL Database Administrators (DBAs) is skyrocketing. Certification is the gold standard that validates your expertise, setting you apart in a competitive job market. In this blog post, we’ll dive into:

  • The Value of PostgreSQL Database Administration Certification
  • Top Certification Programs
  • Exam Preparation Strategies
  • Expert Insights for Success

Why Pursue PostgreSQL Database Administration Certification?

  • Increased Earning Potential: Certified PostgreSQL professionals command higher salaries.
  • Enhanced Credibility: Earn industry recognition and boost your professional reputation.
  • Career Advancement: Certifications open doors to leadership roles and exciting opportunities.
  • Mastery Validation: Demonstrate in-depth PostgreSQL administration skills to employers and clients.

Reputable PostgreSQL Certification Programs

Conquering the PostgreSQL Certification Exam

  • Enroll in Courses: Choose training programs tailored to your preferred certification.
  • Practice, Practice, Practice: Hands-on experience with PostgreSQL administration is essential.
  • Mock Exams: Hone your exam-taking skills and identify areas for improvement with mock tests.
  • Join Online Communities: Get support, ask questions, and learn from fellow PostgreSQL professionals.

Expert Tips for PostgreSQL Certification Success

  • Industry Experience: Real-world experience is invaluable. Work on database projects to solidify your understanding.
  • Study Groups: Form study groups with others preparing for the exam to share knowledge.
  • Know the Exam Blueprint: Understand the exam format and topics covered.
  • Manage Time Wisely: Practice effective time management during the exam.

Conclusion

PostgreSQL Database Administration Certification is a game-changer for your career. By understanding the benefits, choosing the right program, and preparing strategically, you’ll unlock your potential and achieve success in the exciting world of PostgreSQL database administration.

Monitor Database Server using Prometheus & Grafana

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Prometheus is an open-source monitoring system that collects metrics from different sources, stores them, and provides a query language and visualization capabilities to analyze and alert on them. It is designed for monitoring distributed systems and microservices architectures, and provides a time-series database to store the collected data.

Grafana is also an open-source data visualization and analytics platform. It allows users to create customizable and interactive dashboards, reports, and alerts for a wide variety of data sources, including Prometheus. Grafana provides a user-friendly interface to explore and analyze the data, and supports various visualization types, such as graphs, tables, and heatmaps. It is often used as a complement to Prometheus, as it enables users to create custom dashboards and alerts based on the collected metrics.

				
					root@ip-172-31-22-198:~/monitroing# cat docker-compose.yml
version: '3.7'
services:
  prometheus:
    image: prom/prometheus:latest
    container_name: prometheus
    volumes:
      - ./prometheus.yml:/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml
    command:
      - '--config.file=/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml'
    ports:
      - '9090:9090'

  grafana:
    image: grafana/grafana:latest
    container_name: grafana
    ports:
      - '3000:3000'

  node_exporter:
    image: prom/node-exporter:latest
    container_name: node_exporter
    volumes:
      - /proc:/host/proc:ro
      - /sys:/host/sys:ro
      - /:/rootfs:ro
    command:
      - '--path.procfs=/host/proc'
      - '--path.sysfs=/host/sys'
      - '--collector.filesystem.ignored-mount-points=^/(sys|proc|dev|host|etc)($$|/)'
    ports:
      - '9100:9100'



root@ip-172-31-22-198:~/monitroing# cat prometheus.yml
global:
  scrape_interval: 15s

scrape_configs:
  - job_name: 'prometheus'
    static_configs:
      - targets: ['localhost:9090']

  - job_name: 'node_exporter'
    static_configs:
      - targets: ['node_exporter:9100']

The Docker Compose file defines three containers: prometheus, grafana, and node_exporter. The Prometheus configuration file specifies the global scrape interval and the targets for two jobs: prometheus and node_exporter.

The prometheus container runs the Prometheus server, and mounts the prometheus.yml file into the container as its configuration file. The container is exposed on port 9090 and mapped to the same port on the host machine (localhost:9090).

The grafana container runs the Grafana server, and is exposed on port 3000. Grafana is a popular open-source visualization platform that is often used with Prometheus to create custom dashboards and visualizations.

The node_exporter container runs the Prometheus node_exporter service, which collects system metrics from the host machine and makes them available to Prometheus. The container is exposed on port 9100 and mapped to the same port on the host machine (node_exporter:9100).

Overall, this Docker Compose file and Prometheus configuration should set up a basic monitoring stack that collects system metrics from the host machine using node_exporter, stores them in Prometheus, and allows you to visualize them using Grafana.

To start the Docker Compose stack defined in your docker-compose.yml file, you can use the docker-compose up command in the directory where the file is located.

Here are the steps to do this:

  1. Open a terminal window and navigate to the directory where your docker-compose.yml file is located (~/monitroing in your case).

  2. Run the following command:

    docker-compose up

  • This will start all the containers defined in the docker-compose.yml file and output their logs to the terminal window.

  • Once the containers are running, you should be able to access the Prometheus server at http://localhost:9090 and the Grafana server at http://localhost:3000.

    Note that the node_exporter container is not directly accessible from the host machine, but its metrics should be available to Prometheus via its internal network.

  • To stop the containers, press Ctrl+C in the terminal window where you ran the docker-compose up command. This will stop and remove all the containers.

    If you want to stop the containers without removing them, you can use the docker-compose stop command. To start the containers again after stopping them, you can use the docker-compose start command.

Redis Docker Compose with a Persistent Volume

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Here is a sample Docker Compose file that you can use to set up Redis with a persistent volume using Docker:

				
					version: '3'

services:
  redis:
    image: redis:latest
    volumes:
      - redis-data:/data
    ports:
      - "6379:6379"

volumes:
  redis-data:
    driver: local

This Docker Compose file defines a single service: Redis. It specifies the Docker image to use for the service and maps the necessary ports to enable communication with the database. It also defines a volume called redis-data to store the data for the Redis database.

To use this Docker Compose file, save it to a file (e.g., docker-compose.yml) and run the following command:

				
					docker-compose up

This will start the Redis container and bring up the database. The data stored in the Redis database will be persisted in the redis-data volume, so it will be preserved even if the Redis container is stopped or removed.

I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any questions.

Upgrade MySQL 5.7 to 8 on Docker

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To upgrade MySQL from version 5.7 to version 8 on Docker, you can follow these steps:

  1. Stop the MySQL 5.7 container:
				
					docker stop mysql or <Name of container></Name>
  1. Create a backup of your MySQL 5.7 data:
				
					docker exec mysql sh -c 'exec mysqldump --all-databases -uroot -p"$MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD"' > all-databases.sql
  1. Remove the MySQL 5.7 container:
				
					docker rm mysql
  1. Pull the MySQL 8 Docker image:
				
					docker pull mysql:8
  1. Create a new MySQL 8 container and restore your data:
				
					docker run --name mysql -v /path/to/mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=<password> -d mysql:8

docker exec mysql sh -c 'exec mysql -uroot -p"$MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD"' < /path/to/all-databases.sql
  1. (Optional) If you have custom configurations in your my.cnf file, you can mount the file as a volume when starting the MySQL 8 container:
				
					docker run --name mysql -v /path/to/mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql -v /path/to/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/my.cnf -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=<password> -d mysql:8

That’s it! Your MySQL installation should now be upgraded to version 8.

I hope this helps. Let me know if you have any questions.

HA Proxy For MySQL Master – Slave

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There are scenarios where we have to provide the high ability to MySQL database instances and we use the Master and Slave replication method of MySQL database.

In the same case to segregate the Read and Write database traffic. We widly use HA- Proxy. It is a feature rich open source Load blancing tool with many unique features like reverse proxy but in out case we are going to use it only for Hight aviliblity purpose.

				
					root@haproxy01:~# haproxy -v
HA-Proxy version 2.0.13-2ubuntu0.3 2021/08/27 - https://haproxy.org/

 

How to Install it?

You simply use yum or apt commands to install it

				
					sudo apt install -y haproxy

 

Check  the version 

 

 

 

 

Install Mysql Client for HA Proxy Node to communicate with mysql master and slave databases.

 

				
					apt-get install -y mysql-client
cd /etc/haproxy/
cp haproxy.cfg haproxy.cfg_org
vim haproxy.cfg

				
			
				
					root@haproxy01:~# cat /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg
global
	log 127.0.0.1 local0 notice
        log /dev/log    local0
  	user haproxy
	group haproxy

	# Default SSL material locations

defaults
	log global
	mode tcp
        option tcplog
	retries 2
	timeout client 30m
	timeout connect 4s
    	timeout server 30m
	timeout check 5s

listen stats
        mode http
        bind *:9201
        stats enable
        stats uri /stats
        stats realm Strictly\ Private
        stats auth admin:admin

listen mysql-cluster
       bind *:3306
       mode tcp
       option mysql-check user haproxy_user
       balance roundrobin
       server master 192.168.56.205:3306 check
       server slave1 192.168.56.206:3306 check

listen mysql-cluster1
    bind 192.168.1.208:3306
    mode tcp
    option mysql-check user haproxy_user
    balance roundrobin
    server mysql-1 192.168.1.205:3306 check
    server mysql-2 192.168.1.206:3306 check

Create HA proxy user on mysql01/205 on primary node

				
					GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'haproxy_root'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'Oracle@123' WITH GRANT OPTION;

flush privileges;

Test the configuration and it should start without error & Target should come up on GUI

				
					haproxy -f /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg -db

systemctl restart haproxy.service

Check HA proxy GUI and see all the MySQL target is up and running fine using HA Proxy Admin link:

HA Proxy Link Structure:

http://<localhost or IP/HostName/stats

http://192.168.1.208:9201/stats

Default Credentials : 

UserName : admin

Password: admin

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Essential AWS Services for Database Administrators to Learn

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Why AWS?

Cloud is becoming a vital part of Database Administration because it provides various database services & Infrastructure to run Database Ecosystems instantly. AWS (Amazon Web Services) is one of the pioneers in the Cloud according to the Gartner magic quadrant. Knowing more cloud infrastructure technologies is going to give more mileage to your Administrator career. In this article, you will find some of the AWS services which Database Administrators should know as they are basic to run Database opration.

Essential AWS Services List For Database Administrator (DBA)

Network
VPCs
Subnets
Elastic IPs
Internet Gateways
Network ACLs
Route Tables
Security Groups
Private Subnets
Public Subnets
AWS Direct Connect

Virtual Machine 
EC2
AWS Work Space

Storage
EBS
EFS
S3

Database as Services (RDS)
MySQL / MariaDB
PostgreSQL
Oracle
Micrsoft SQL Server
AWS Aurora PostgreSQL/MySQL

Database Managed Services
AWS Dynamo DB
AWS Elasticsearch 
Amazon DocumentDB

Messaging & Event Base Processing 
Apache Kafka (Amazon MSK)

 

Warehousing/ OLAP /Analytics Stagging DB
AWS Redshift

 

Monitoring 
Cloud watch
Amazon Grafana
Amazon Prometheus

 

Email Service
Amazon Simple Notification Service

Security 
IAM
Secrets Manager

Database Task Automation
AWS Batch
AWS Lambda
Cloud Formation

Command-line interface (CLI) to Manage AWS Services
AWSCLI

Migration 
Database Migration Service

Budget 
AWS Cost Explorer
AWS Budgets

Some other Services & Combination worth of Exploring

Bastion Host For DBA
MongoDB running on EC2
ELK (Elastic Search , LogStach, Kibana) running on EC2
Tunnels for Non stranded ports for Database Connections for more security
pg_pool or pg_Bouncer for PostgreSQL Databases

Stay Tuned For Latest Database, Cloud & Technology Trends

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